Elmer Lucille Allen (b. 1931) – Ceramic artist and chemist, also a pioneering Black woman in Kentucky’s scientific community.
James Gilbert Baker (1914–2005), Astronomer, designer of optics systems, co-founder of Louisville Astronomical Society, Born in Louisville, graduated from the University of Louisville
Isaac Chuang, Inventor, realized the first quantum computer, Born in Corbin
George Devol (1912–2011), Inventor of Unimate, the first industrial robot, Born in Louisville
Rex Geveden, Associate Administrator of NASA, Born in Mayfield
J. Richard Gott (born 1947), Princeton University astrophysical sciences professor and Doomsday argument theory, Born in Louisville
Robert H. Grubbs (1942–2021), 2005 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, Born in Marshall County, raised in Paducah
G. Scott Hubbard (born 1948), NASA scientist, associate director of NASA's Ames Research Center, "Mars czar", Born and raised in Elizabethtown
William Lipscomb (1919–2011), 1976 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, Raised in Lexington
Garrett A. Morgan (1877–1963), Traffic light and gas mask inventor, Born in Paris
Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866–1945), 1933 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine, Born in Lexington
Phillip A. Sharp (born 1944), 1993 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine, Born in Falmouth
Nathan Stubblefield (1860–1928), Inventor, demonstrated wireless radio, Born in Murray
John T. Thompson (1860–1940), Inventor of the "Tommy" Gun, Born in Newport
George Whitesides (born 1939), Harvard University chemistry professor, Born in Louisville
Terrence W. Wilcutt (born 1949), Astronaut, Born in Russellville